There is significant evidence that, in living systems, free radicals and other reactive oxygen
and nitrogen species play a double role, because they can cause oxidative damage and …

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of almost all
neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Historically, a primary focus in …

Calcium is used in many cellular processes and is maintained within the cell as free calcium
at low concentrations (approximately 100 nM), compared with extracellular (millimolar) …

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive loss of memory and cognition, for which there is no
cure. Although genetic studies initially suggested a primary role for amyloid-in Alzheimer's …

Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger that regulates various activities
in eukaryotic cells. Especially important role calcium plays in excitable cells. Neurons …

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) affect essential functions not only in the CNS, but also
cause persistent gut dysfunctions, suggesting that they have an impact on both CNS and gut …

An essential feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ)
peptides in the brain, many years to decades before the onset of overt cognitive symptoms …

This review of Alzheimer's disease assembles a variety of findings relevant to the
mechanism of the disease and ties them together using the current understanding of the …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic intracellular organelle with multiple functions
essential for cellular homeostasis, development, and stress responsiveness. In response to …

Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is a multi-functional, ligand-operated protein situated in
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and changes in its function and/or expression have …