The stable states of differentiated cells are now known to be controlled by dynamic
mechanisms that can easily be perturbed. An adult cell can therefore be reprogrammed …

Reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent embryonic stem cell-like state has been
achieved by nuclear transplantation of a somatic nucleus into an enucleated egg and most …

Embryonic stem (ES) cells can undergo many aspects of mammalian embryogenesis in
vitro,,,–, but their developmental potential is substantially extended by interactions with …

In a recent publication, Ma et al. 1 reported the correction of a heterozygous paternally
inherited MYBPC3 mutation in human zygotes using CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing. We …

Antibody responses are characterized by increasing affinity and diversity over time. Affinity
maturation occurs in germinal centers by a mechanism that involves repeated cycles of …

Sperm and eggs carry distinctive epigenetic modifications that are adjusted by
reprogramming after fertilization. The paternal genome in a zygote undergoes active DNA …

The development of mouse embryos can be partially recapitulated by combining embryonic
stem cells (ESCs), trophoblast stem cells (TS), and extra-embryonic endoderm (XEN) stem …

Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be
achieved by overexpression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc transcription factors, but only a …

During immune responses, B lymphocytes clonally expand and undergo secondary
diversification of their immunoglobulin genes in germinal centres (GCs),,,. High-affinity B …

Clinical application of embryonic stem (ES) cells faces difficulties regarding use of embryos,
as well as tissue rejection after implantation. One way to circumvent these issues is to …