We review recent work on the role of intrinsic amygdala networks in the regulation of
classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear. These …

Chronic pain states are highly prevalent and yet poorly controlled by currently available
analgesics, representing an enormous clinical, societal, and economic burden. Existing pain …

Associative memory formation is essential for an animal's survival by ensuring adaptive
behavioral responses in an ever-changing environment. This is particularly important under …

Over the course of natural history, countless animal species have evolved adaptive
behavioral systems to cope with dangerous situations and promote survival. Emotional …

For over 30 years, scientists have been investigating the phenomenon of pain suppression
upon exposure to unconditioned or conditioned stressful stimuli, commonly known as stress …

The endocannabinoid system, consisting of the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB 1 R) and
cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB 2 R), endogenous cannabinoid ligands (endocannabinoids) …

A long-standing literature linking endocannabinoids (ECBs) to stress, fear, and anxiety has
led to growing interest in developing novel anxiolytics targeting the ECB system. Following …

Evidence for the involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in anxiety and fear has
been accumulated, providing leads for novel therapeutic approaches. In anxiety, a …

A first-line approach to treat anxiety disorders is exposure-based therapy, which relies on
extinction processes such as repeatedly exposing the patient to stimuli (conditioned stimuli; …

Some psychiatric illnesses involve a learned component. For example, in posttraumatic
stress disorder, memories triggered by trauma-associated cues trigger fear and anxiety, and …