Stroke constitutes the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability
worldwide. Stroke is normally classified as either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (HS) …

Metformin is the first-line option for treating newly diagnosed diabetic patients and also
involved in other pharmacological actions, including antitumor effect, anti-aging effect …

Adequate oxygen supply is essential for the human brain to meet its high energy demands.
Therefore, elaborate molecular and systemic mechanism are in place to enable adaptation …

Rodents are the most widely used experimental animals in stroke research due to their
similar vascular anatomy, high reproductive rates, and availability of transgenic models …

Background Methamphetamine is a neuro-stimulant with neurodegenerative effects, and
ambiguous mechanism of action. Metformin is an antidiabetic agent with neuroprotective …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) can increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients.
However, no effective approaches are available to prevent its progression and development …

Aging is a risk factor for major central nervous system (CNS) disorders. More specifically,
aging can be inked to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) because of its deteriorating impact …

Cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the transient loss, followed by rapid return, of
blood flow to the brain. This condition is often caused by strokes and heart attacks. The …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the
progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most serious nervous system disorders characterised
by high morbidity and disability. Inflammatory and autophagy responses play an important …