COVID‐19 leads to severe respiratory problems, but also to long‐COVID syndrome
associated primarily with cognitive dysfunction and fatigue. Long‐COVID syndrome …

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated
guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical …

Trauma can affect any individual at any location and at any time over a lifespan. The
disruption of macrobarriers and microbarriers induces instant activation of innate immunity …

The immune system is an evolutionary hallmark of higher organisms that defends the host
against invading pathogens and exogenous infections. This defense includes the …

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are a continuum of
lung changes arising from a wide variety of lung injuries, frequently resulting in significant …

Over the recent years, much has been unraveled about the pro-inflammatory properties of
various mitochondrial molecules once they are leaving the mitochondrial compartment. On …

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role for the
maintenance of cellular processes and functions in the body. However, the excessive …

Neutrophils and neutrophil-like cells are the major pathogen-fighting immune cells in
organisms ranging from slime molds to mammals. Central to their function is their ability to …

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of severe hypoxemic respiratory
failure that is characterized by inflammatory injury to the alveolar capillary barrier, with …

Coronaviruses can cause serious respiratory tract infections and may also impact other end
organs such as the central nervous system, the lung and the heart. The coronavirus disease …