The last two decades saw a steady increase of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) used for
treatment of foods. Although the science of biomaterials exposed to high pressure started …

Clostridium difficile is a major cause of intestinal infection and diarrhoea in individuals
following antibiotic treatment. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that …

This Review summarizes mechanistic investigations in faecal microbiota transplantation
(FMT), which has increasingly been adapted into clinical practice as treatment for …

Spores of Bacillus species can remain in their dormant and resistant states for years, but
exposure to agents such as specific nutrients can cause spores' return to life within minutes …

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming obligate anaerobe and a major
nosocomial pathogen of worldwide concern. Owing to its strict anaerobic requirements, the …

Under conditions that are not conducive to growth, such as nutrient depletion, many
members of the orders Bacillales and Clostridiales can sporulate, generating dormant and …

Clostridium difficile spores must germinate in vivo to become actively growing bacteria in
order to produce the toxins that are necessary for disease. C. difficile spores germinate in …

Bacteria within biofilms are protected from multiple stresses, including immune responses
and antimicrobial agents. The biofilm-forming ability of bacterial pathogens has been …

Clostridium difficile infection is the leading cause of antibiotic-and healthcare-associated
diarrhea, and its containment and treatment imposes a significant financial burden …

The lytic transglycosylases (LTs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyze the non-hydrolytic
cleavage of the peptidoglycan structures of the bacterial cell wall. They are not catalysts of …