Allergen immunotherapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of allergic children. The clinical
efficiency relies on a well‐defined immunologic mechanism promoting regulatory T cells and …

It is estimated that more than 339 million people worldwide suffer from asthma. The leading
cause of asthma development is the breakdown of immune tolerance to inhaled allergens …

The respiratory immune response consists of multiple tiers of cellular responses that are
engaged in a sequential manner in order to control infections. The stepwise engagement of …

Approximately 5–10% of asthmatic patients worldwide suffer from severe asthma.
Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that IL-13 is an important cytokine in …

Allergic rhinitis is clinically defined as a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced by an IgE-
mediated inflammation after allergen exposure of the membranes lining the nose. Symptoms …

We have characterized a cytokine produced by Th2 cells, designated as IL-25. Infusion of
mice with IL-25 induced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 gene expression. The induction of these …

Abstract T helper type 1 (Th1) lymphocytes secrete secrete interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ,
and lymphotoxin-α and stimulate type 1 immunity, which is characterized by intense …

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a type 2‐mediated
inflammatory disease associated with significant clinical, social, and economic burdens and …

Continuing Medical Education examination IL-13 is an immunoregulatory cytokine secreted
predominantly by activated TH2 cells. Over the past several years, it has become evident …

Allergic rhinitis a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airways that has a major impact
on the quality of life of patients and is a socio-economic burden. Understanding the …