BACKGROUND Modern reproductive behavior in most developed countries is characterized
by delayed parenthood. Older gametes are generally less fertile, accumulating and …

BACKGROUND It has long been thought that the factors affecting embryo and foetal
development were exclusively maternally derived; hence, if issues regarding fertility and …

Obesity is a growing epidemic and a common problem among reproductive-age men that
can both cause and exacerbate male-factor infertility by means of endocrine abnormalities …

Male infertility is a widely debated issue that affects males globally. There are several
mechanisms involved. Oxidative stress is accepted to be the main contributing factor, with …

BACKGROUND Spermatogenesis generates a small and highly specialised type of cell that
is apparently incapable of transcription and translation. For many years, this dogma was …

BACKGROUND Knowledge of the proteomic composition of the gametes is essential to
understand reproductive functions. Most of the sperm proteins are related to …

Infertility is a devastating experience for both partners as they try to conceive. Historically,
when a couple could not conceive, the woman has carried the stigma of infertility; however …

Semen is a complex body fluid containing an admixture of spermatozoa suspended in
secretions from the testes and epididymis which are mixed at the time of ejaculation with …

For men struggling to conceive with their partners, diagnostic tools are limited and often
consist of only a standard semen analysis. This baseline test serves as a crude estimation of …

Among infertile couples, 25% involve both male and female factors, while male factor alone
accounts for another 25% due to oligo-, astheno-, teratozoospermia, a combination of the …