▪ Abstract Deer have expanded their range and increased dramatically in abundance
worldwide in recent decades. They inflict major economic losses in forestry, agriculture, and …

Today's scientists are facing the enormous challenge of predicting how climate change will
affect species distributions and species assemblages. To do so, ecologists are widely using …

Ungulates can profoundly alter the structure and composition of forest communities via both
direct and indirect mechanisms. Individual plant species often respond in a unique way to …

Biological invasions dramatically affect the distribution, abundance and reproduction of
many native species. Because of these ecological effects, exotic species can also influence …

Recent climate projections indicate substantial environmental alterations in oceanic island
regions during the 21st century, setting up profound threats to insular floras. Inherent …

More than five decades ago, Ehrlich and Raven proposed a revolutionary idea–that the
evolution of novel plant defense could spur adaptive radiation in plants. Despite motivating …

Although defence against herbivores is often argued to be the main action of plant
secondary metabolites (PSMs), very few examples have demonstrated that intraspecific …

We are witnessing a global, but unplanned, evolutionary experiment with the biodiversity of
the planet. Anthropogenic disturbances such as habitat degradation and climate change …

Large browsing and grazing herbivores can have a profound influence on the physiognomy,
composition, and function of vegetation, from the landscape scale to a single plant (Hobbs …

Biotic invaders and similar anthropogenic novelties such as domesticates, transgenics, and
cancers can alter ecology and evolution in environmental, agricultural, natural resource …