GTPases of the Ras subfamily regulate a diverse array of cellular-signaling pathways,
coupling extracellular signals to the intracellular response machinery. Guanine nucleotide …

Andy Warhol, the famous pop artist, once claimed that 'in the future everyone will be famous
for 15 minutes'. The same, it seems, can be said of proteins, because at any given time some …

Rap1 is a small, Ras-like GTPase that was first identified as a protein that could suppress
the oncogenic transformation of cells by Ras. Rap1 is activated by several extracellular …

RalGEFs were recently shown to be critical for Ras-mediated transformed and tumorigenic
growth of human cells. We now show that the oncogenic activity of these proteins is …

Cells sense and respond to mechanical force. However, the mechanisms of transduction of
extracellular matrix (ECM) forces to biochemical signals are not known. After removing the …

Summary Background The Ral guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (RalGEFs) serve as
key effectors for Ras oncogene transformation of immortalized human cells. RalGEFs are …

Transcription factor ATF2 regulates gene expression in response to environmental changes.
Upon exposure to cellular stresses, the mitogen-activated proteinkinase (MAPK) cascades …

Ras, Rap1 and Ral are related small GTPases. While the function of Ras in signal
transduction is well established, it has been recognized only recently that Rap1 and Ral also …

Many members of the Ras superfamily of GTPases have been implicated in the regulation of
hematopoietic cells, with roles in growth, survival, differentiation, cytokine production …

While tumors become addicted to oncogenes like Ras, the microenvironment in which tumor
cells reside changes during tumorigenesis; the cells are surrounded initially by normal …