Ongoing research has revealed that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the
biggest obstacles in the current cancer therapy. CSCs make an influential function in tumor …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including those targeting CTLA‐4/B7 and the PD‐1/PD‐L1
inhibitory pathways, are now available for clinical use in cancer patients, with other …

CD47 is a broadly expressed membrane protein that interacts with the myeloid inhibitory
immunoreceptor SIRPα (also termed CD172a or SHPS-1). SIRPα is the prototypic member …

The basal position of fish in vertebrate phylogeny makes them very attractive for genomic
and functional comparative immunity studies. Adaptive immunity arose early in vertebrate …

Until around 1990, most multigene families were thought to be subject to concerted
evolution, in which all member genes of a family evolve as a unit in concert. However …

The immune system must be highly regulated to obtain optimal immune responses for the
elimination of pathogens without causing undue side effects. This tight regulation involves …

Since an immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibition motif (ITIM) was first identified in the
intracytoplasmic domain of FcγRIIB, ITIMs have been found in a large number of inhibitory …

Immune systems protect animals from threats by parasites, bacteria and viruses. Most of
what we know today about the composition, function and regulation of the two fundamental …

The purpose of this book is to present a new mechanistic theory of mutation-driven evolution
based on recent advances in genomics and evolutionary developmental biology. The theory …

Several recent findings in the field of comparative immunology have reinforced the
importance of examining the molecular and functional features of immune systems in a …