Planets form in disks of gas and dust around young stars. The disk molecular reservoirs and
their chemical evolution affect all aspects of planet formation, from the coagulation of dust …

Our Sun and planetary system were born about 4.5 billion years ago. How did this happen,
and what is the nature of our heritage from these early times? This review tries to address …

Turbulence is a fundamental parameter in models of grain growth during the early stages of
planet formation. As such, observational constraints on its magnitude are crucial. Here we …

Flattened, rotating disks of cool dust and gas extending for tens to hundreds of astronomical
units are found around almost all low-mass stars shortly after their birth. These disks …

From the masses of the planets orbiting the Sun, and the abundance of elements relative to
hydrogen, it is estimated that when the Solar System formed, the circumstellar disk must …

The disks that surround young stars are mostly composed of molecular gas, which is harder
to detect and interpret than the accompanying dust. Disk mass measurements have …

ABSTRACT CO is widely used as a tracer of molecular gas. However, there is now mounting
evidence that gas phase carbon is depleted in the disk around TW Hya. Previous efforts to …

Aims. The composition of planetary solids and gases is largely rooted in the processing of
volatile elements in protoplanetary disks. To shed light on the key processes, we carry out a …

We report observations of resolved C 2 H emission rings within the gas-rich protoplanetary
disks of TW Hya and DM Tau using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array. In each case the …

Icy bodies may have delivered the oceans to the early Earth, yet little is known about water
in the ice-dominated regions of extrasolar planet-forming disks. The Heterodyne Instrument …