The high educational achievement among East Asian nations in ILSAs like TIMSS and PISA
is widely known. However, a comprehensive review of the research literature is lacking. The …

In all parts of Asia, households devote considerable expenditures to private supplementary
tutoring. This tutoring may contribute to students' achievement, but it also maintains and …

Private tutoring is now a major component of the education sector in many developing
countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and makes use of it. Various …

Does private tutoring increase parental choice and improve student achievement, or does it
exacerbate social inequalities and impose heavy costs on households, possibly without …

Private tutoring is a widespread phenomenon in many developing countries, including
Vietnam. Using the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys 1997–1998 and 1992–1993 for …

Private supplementary tutoring has long been a major phenomenon in parts of East Asia,
including Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan. In recent times it has grown …

With the increasing attention on improving student achievement, private tutoring has been
expanding rapidly worldwide. However, the evidence on the effect of private tutoring is …

This study examines the effects of different types of shadow education on academic
achievement, using data from a longitudinal survey of a nationally representative sample of …

This paper investigates the effectiveness of private tutoring in Turkey. The authors introduce
their study by providing some background information on the two major national …

Based on data from the China Education Panel Survey, which covers 28 counties/districts of
China, this study applies a difference‐in‐differences method (combined with propensity …