Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules form on or just below the vast, sediment-covered, abyssal
plains of the global ocean. Polymetallic nodules primarily consist of precipitated iron …

This Review focuses on whether the emerging industry of deep-seabed mining aligns with
the sustainable development agenda. We cover motivations for deep-seabed mining …

A comprehensive understanding of the deep-sea environment and mining's likely impacts is
necessary to assess whether and under what conditions deep-seabed mining operations …

The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our
planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic …

The deep sea (> 200 m depth) encompasses> 95% of the world's ocean volume and
represents the largest and least explored biome on Earth (< 0.0001% of ocean surface), yet …

With increasing demand for mineral resources, extraction of polymetallic sulphides at
hydrothermal vents, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts at seamounts, and polymetallic …

Careful definition and illustrative case studies are fundamental work in developing a Blue
Economy. As blue research expands with the world increasingly understanding its …

Rising demand for minerals and metals, including for use in the technology sector, has led to
a resurgence of interest in exploration of mineral resources located on the seabed. Such …

The global surge in demand for metals such as cobalt and nickel has created
unprecedented interest in deep-sea habitats with mineral resources. The largest area of …

Deep-sea mining is likely to result in biodiversity loss, and the significance of this to
ecosystem function is not known.“Out of kind” biodiversity offsets substituting one ecosystem …