Mammalian skeletal muscle comprises different fiber types, whose identity is first established
during embryonic development by intrinsic myogenic control mechanisms and is later …

The neuromuscular junction is the chemical synapse between motor neurons and skeletal
muscle fibers. It is designed to reliably convert the action potential from the presynaptic …

Different types of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are essential for auditory perception by
transmitting complex auditory information from hair cells (HCs) to the brain. Here, we use …

Primary somatosensory neurons convey salient information about our external environment
and internal state to the CNS, allowing us to detect, perceive, and react to a wide range of …

The cytokine transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) converts naïve T cells into regulatory T
(Treg) cells that prevent autoimmunity. However, in the presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6), TGF …

Two ETS transcription factors of the Pea3 subfamily are induced in subpopulations of dorsal
root ganglion (DRG) sensory and spinal motor neurons by target-derived factors. Their …

Schizophrenia is a highly debilitating mental disorder that affects∼ 1% of the general
population, yet it continues to be poorly understood. Recent studies have identified …

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on neuregulins (NRGs) that are the signaling
proteins that mediate cell–cell interactions in the nervous system, heart, breast, and other …

The β‐site APP cleaving enzymes 1 and 2 (BACE 1 and BACE 2) were initially identified as
transmembrane aspartyl proteases cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP). BACE 1 is …

Almost every muscle contains muscle spindles. These delicate sensory receptors inform the
central nervous system (CNS) about changes in the length of individual muscles and the …