As the major excitatory neurotransmitter used in the vertebrate brain, glutamate activates
ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which mediate fast and slow …

In addition to the transcriptional activity of their liganded nuclear receptors, estrogens, such
as estradiol (E2), modulate cell functions, and consequently physiology and behavior, within …

Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-dependent homosynaptic long-term depression
(LTD) has been studied extensively at glutamatergic synapses in the CNS. However, much …

Glutamate, as the major excitatory neurotransmitter used in the vertebrate brain, activates
ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs and mGluRs), which mediate fast …

Key points• Interaural time difference (ITD) is a major cue for sound source localization and
is processed by detecting a coincidence of bilateral excitatory postsynaptic potentials …

Intrinsic plasticity has emerged as an important mechanism regulating neuronal excitability
and output under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we report a novel form of …

The ability of humans and animals to localize the source of a sound in a complex acoustic
environment facilitates communication and survival. Two cues are used for sound …

Inhibition plays multiple critical roles in the neural processing of sound. In the avian auditory
brain stem, the cochlear nuclei receive their principal inhibitory feedback from the superior …

Binaural hearing neurons produce high rates of well-timed action potentials to precisely
localize sound in space. Voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv) currents are known to be …

We are able to follow our friend's voice as she calls across a crowded plaza or whispers in a
darkened theater. Amazingly our sense of hearing can identify and localize sounds ranging …