This study conducts an evaluation of the performance of seven ultra-high-degree Global
Geopotential Models (GGMs) across Egypt, utilizing GNSS/leveling data as a basis for …

The geoid, encompassing Earth's surface, oceans, and gravitational field, plays a pivotal
role in shaping elevations, form, and mass distribution on the geopotential surface—a …

The G-modified Helmholtz equation is a partial differential equation that enables us to
express gravity intensity g as a series of spherical harmonics having radial distance r in …

Geoid represents Earth's surface, ocean, and gravitational field, which influence the
elevations, shape, and mass distribution of the geopotential surface, a hypothetical surface …

Orthometric heights related to the geoid, are important in many engineering projects. The
use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) does not give the heights of the points on the …