Microglial research has advanced considerably in recent decades yet has been constrained
by a rolling series of dichotomies such as" resting versus activated" and" M1 versus M2." …

Aging is a gradual and irreversible pathophysiological process. It presents with declines in
tissue and cell functions and significant increases in the risks of various aging-related …

Evidence for a close bidirectional link between the brain and the gut has led to a paradigm
shift in neurology, especially in the case of Parkinson disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal …

The brain and gastrointestinal tract are critical sensory organs responsible for detecting,
relaying, integrating, and responding to signals derived from the internal and external …

The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of
bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial …

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, results in a
sustained decline in cognition. There are currently few effective disease modifying therapies …

Parkinson's disease (PD) may start in the gut and spread to the brain. To investigate the role
of gut microbiome, we conducted a large-scale study, at high taxonomic resolution, using …

Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional
communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape …

Tau-mediated neurodegeneration is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Primary tauopathies
are characterized by pathological tau accumulation and neuronal and synaptic loss …

As tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia constitute the pivotal
immune cells of this organ. Microglial features are strongly dependent on environmental …