The introduction, dispersal and establishment of West Nile virus in North America were
reviewed, focusing on factors that may have enhanced receptivity and enabled the invasion …

Abstract West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) invaded southern
California during 2003, successfully overwintered, amplified to epidemic levels, and then …

Temperature has played a critical role in the spatiotemporal dynamics of West Nile virus
transmission throughout California from its introduction in 2003 through establishment by …

The strain of West Nile virus (WNV) currently epidemic in North America contains a genetic
mutation elevating its virulence in birds, especially species in the family Corvidae. Although …

West Nile virus (WNV) has remained epidemic in Kern County, CA, since its introduction in
2004 through 2007 when the human case annual incidence increased from 6-8 to 17 per …

The invasion of different southern California landscapes by West Nile virus (WNV) and its
subsequent amplification to epidemic levels during 2004 enabled us to study the impact of …

Abstract West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) invaded the Colorado
Desert biome of southern California during summer 2003 and seemed to displace …

House finches are competent hosts for both West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses and
frequently become infected during outbreaks. In the current study, House finches were …

The potential risk for the introduction and establishment of Japanese encephalitis virus
(JEV) within California is described based on the literature. JEV is a mosquito-borne …

Mosquitoes in the genus Culex are the primary enzootic maintenance and bridge vectors of
the North American encephalitides, now including West Nile virus. This review briefly …