The availability of techniques to artificially excite paralyzed muscles opens enormous
potential for restoring both upper and lower extremity movements with neuroprostheses …

The past decades have witnessed remarkable progress in neural technologies such as
functional electrical stimulation (FES) and their applications in neurorehabilitation and …

A tracking controller is developed for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems subject to
unknown time-varying input delay and additive disturbances. A novel filtered error signal is …

A neural network control system has been designed for the control of cyclic movements in
functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) systems. The design directly addresses three …

Closed-loop control of skeletal muscle is complicated by the nonlinear muscle force to
length and velocity relationships and the inherent unstructured and time-varying …

Describes a closed-loop functional neuromuscular stimulation system that uses afferent
neural activity from muscle spindle fibers as feedback for controlling position of the ankle …

Current control of prosthetic hands is ineffective when grasping deformable, irregular, or
heavy objects. In humans, grasping is achieved under spinal reflexive control of the …

An adaptive feedforward control system has been evaluated for use in functional
neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) systems. The control system, which utilizes neural network …

Control strategies in artificial and biological systems are compared and contrasted.
Distinctions are made between open-loop control, finite-state control, and proportional …

In this study, we evaluated the performance of an adaptive feedforward controller and its
ability to automatically develop and customize stimulation patterns for use in functional …