Fish encounter harsh ionic/osmotic gradients on their aquatic environments, and the
mechanisms through which they maintain internal homeostasis are more challenging …

The article discusses advances in osmoregulation and excretion with emphasis on how
multicellular animals in different osmotic environments regulate their milieu intérieur …

Freshwater fishes lose ions to the external medium owing to the steep concentration
gradients between the body fluids and the water. To maintain homeostasis, they use …

Anthropogenic sources increase freshwater salinity and produce differences in constituent
ions compared with natural waters. Moreover, ions differ in physiological roles and …

Fish, like mammals, have to maintain their body fluid ionic and osmotic homeostasis through
sophisticated iono-/osmoregulation mechanisms, which are conducted mainly by ionocytes …

Euryhaline fishes live in a wide salinity range from freshwater to seawater and hypersaline
environments. Euryhaline fishes such as salmon, eels, and tilapia are economically …

Ionic regulation and acid–base balance are fundamental to the physiology of vertebrates
including fish. Acidification of freshwater ecosystems is recognized as a global …

Transepithelial transport is one of the major processes involved in the mechanism of
homeostasis of body fluids in vertebrates including fish. The current models of ion regulation …

Phenotypic plasticity is thought to facilitate the colonization of novel environments and
shape the direction of evolution in colonizing populations. However, the relative prevalence …

In this review we pose the following seven questions related to ammonia and fish that
represent gaps in our knowledge. 1. How is ammonia excretion linked to sodium uptake in …