Green water—terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture—is fundamental to
Earth system dynamics and is now extensively perturbed by human pressures at continental …

Recent decades have seen a rise in the use of physics methods to study different societal
phenomena. This development has been due to physicists venturing outside of their …

Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

The stability and resilience of the Earth system and human well-being are inseparably
linked,–, yet their interdependencies are generally under-recognized; consequently, they …

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments1, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Rapid Arctic environmental change affects the entire Earth system as thawing permafrost
ecosystems release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Understanding how much …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a major tipping element in the
climate system and a future collapse would have severe impacts on the climate in the North …

One of the most prominent climate tipping elements is the Atlantic meridional overturning
circulation (AMOC), which can potentially collapse because of the input of fresh water in the …

Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …