El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most prominent year‐to‐year climate
fluctuation on Earth, alternating between anomalously warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) …

The ENSO observing system in the tropical Pacific plays an important role in monitoring
ENSO and helping improve the understanding and prediction of ENSO. Occurrence of …

Between the winters of 2013/14 and 2014/15 during the strong North American drought, the
northeast Pacific experienced the largest marine heatwave ever recorded. Here we combine …

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North
Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, is an important target of ongoing research …

A new index is developed for the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, termed the IPO Tripole
Index (TPI). The IPO is associated with a distinct 'tripole'pattern of sea surface temperature …

Uncertainty in future climate change presents a key challenge for adaptation planning. In
this study, uncertainty arising from internal climate variability is investigated using a new 40 …

This paper documents the main features of the climate and climate variability over South
America, on the basis of instrumental observations gathered during the 20th Century. It …

Patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) variability on interannual and longer timescales
result from a combination of atmospheric and oceanic processes. These SST anomaly …

The oceans are warming. Over the period 1961 to 2003, global ocean temperature has risen
by 0.10 C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. Consistent with the Third Assessment Report …

This study documents the decadal changes of the summer precipitation in East China, with
increased rainfall in the Huang-Huai River region (HR) and decreased in the Yangtze River …