Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are important in the metabolism of drugs, steroids, fat-
soluble vitamins, carcinogens, pesticides, and many other types of chemicals. Their catalytic …

The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the
ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in …

Transition metal–catalyzed transfers of carbenes, nitrenes, and oxenes are powerful
methods for functionalizing C= C and C–H bonds. Nature has evolved a diverse toolbox for …

The area of biocatalysis itself is in rapid development, fueled by both an enhanced
repertoire of protein engineering tools and an increasing list of solved problems …

Directed evolution circumvents our profound ignorance of how a protein's sequence
encodes its function by using iterative rounds of random mutation and artificial selection to …

P450BM3 (CYP102A1), a fatty acid hydroxylase from Bacillus megaterium, has been
extensively studied over a period of almost forty years. The enzyme has been redesigned to …

Abstract Machine-learning models that learn from data to predict how protein sequence
encodes function are emerging as a useful protein engineering tool. However, when using …

Over the past two decades, directed evolution has transformed the field of protein
engineering. The advances in understanding protein structure and function, in no …

Knowing how protein sequence maps to function (the “fitness landscape”) is critical for
understanding protein evolution as well as for engineering proteins with new and useful …

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are versatile biocatalysts that catalyze the
regio-and stereospecic oxidation of non-activated hydrocarbons under mild conditions …