The interaction between plants and pollinators has intrigued scientists for centuries. While it
continues to be subject of ongoing research in basic and applied ecology, we tend to ignore …

The relationship between animals and their gut flora is simultaneously one of the most
common and most complex symbioses on Earth. Despite its ubiquity, our understanding of …

Background Nitrogen is considered the most limiting nutrient element for herbivorous
insects. To alleviate nitrogen limitation, insects have evolved various symbiotically mediated …

Herbivory rates have classically been hypothesized to decrease from the tropics towards
higher latitudes because the more benign abiotic conditions in tropical systems foster …

Butterflies use a proboscis, a microfluidic probe engineered by natural selection, to feed on
nutritive fluids. The structural configuration of proboscises relates to feeding habits; however …

The trophic niche is a life trait that identifies the consumer's position in a local food web.
Several factors, such as ontogeny, competitive ability and resource availability contribute in …

In many animals, drastic changes are observed during sexual maturation characterized by
the reproductive system development concomitantly to the sexual behavior ontogenesis …

In male moth Agrotis ipsilon, sexual maturation occurs between the third and the fifth day of
adult life and is characterized by the development of the reproductive organs such as testes …

Oviposition is essential in the life history of insects and is mainly mediated by chemical and
tactile cues present on the plant surface. Oviposition deterrents or stimulants can modify …

In ecological sciences, animal diets are often simplified to 'resources' or 'caloric quantities'.
However, in the present study, we investigated the optimal foraging strategy of Atlantic cod …