Most freshwater mussels have an unusual life cycle that requires host fish species for larval
(glochidia) development and dispersal. Glochidia have a unique morphological structure …

Background The evolutionary origins of animal nervous systems remain contentious
because we still have a limited understanding of neural development in most major animal …

Chaetopteridae—the parchment worms—comprise a group of early branching annelids with
a scarcely investigated neuroanatomy and neurogenesis. Due to their phylogenetic position …

The echinoderm nervous system has been studied as a model for understanding the
evolution of the chordate nervous system. Neuronal cells are essential groups that release a …

Simple Summary Here, we described and compared the morphology of the nervous system
of the late larval stage of bivalve mollusks, pediveligers, using confocal microscopy …

Brachiopods have the most complex lophophore in comparison with other lophophorates, ie,
phoronids and bryozoans. However, at early ontogenetic stages, brachiopods have a …

The structure of the female reproductive system of the calanoid copepods Calanus glacialis
and Metridia longa from the White Sea was studied using light microscopy, scanning and …

Myzostomida are putatively nested within the errant Annelida and exhibit a unique
morphology. The latter fact might possibly be related to their long host‐dependent radiation …

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The proboscis of Bonellia viridis Rolando, 1822 females is the best studied among the
echiurids and the rich data are extrapolated to other species of echiurids. However, very little …