Animal models for examining human breast cancer (HBC) carcinogenesis have been
extensively studied and proposed. With the recent advent of immunotherapy, significant …

The human genome contains a large number of retroviral elements acquired over the
process of evolution, some of which are specific to primates. However, as many of these are …

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) serve as markers of ancient viral infections and provide
invaluable insight into host and viral evolution. ERVs have been exapted to assist in …

Repeated retroviral infections of vertebrate germlines have made endogenous retroviruses
ubiquitous features of mammalian genomes. However, millions of years of evolution obscure …

The transmission of viruses from one host to another typically occurs through horizontal or
vertical pathways. The horizontal pathways include transmission amongst individuals …

A Human Betaretrovirus (HBRV) has been identified in humans, dating as far back as about
4500 years ago, with a high probability of it being acquired by our species around 10,000 …

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), which was discovered as a milk-transmitted,
infectious, cancer-inducing agent in the 1930s, has been used as an animal model for the …

A large proportion of the human genome consists of endogenous retroviruses, some of
which are well preserved, showing transcriptional activity, and expressing retroviral proteins …

In both humans and NOD mice, type 1 diabetes (T1D) develops from the autoimmune
destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells. Interactions between both helper CD4+ and …

Background Despite remarkable progress, the immunotherapies currently used in the clinic,
such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, still have limited efficacy against many …