I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Contributing Authors Isam Alobid, MD, PhD1, Nithin D. Adappa, MD2, Henry P. Barham,
MD3, Thiago Bezerra, MD4, Nadieska Caballero, MD5, Eugene G. Chang, MD6, Gaurav …

There are a variety of medical conditions associated with chronic sinonasal inflammation,
including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and cystic fibrosis. In particular, CRS can be divided …

Background Protecting the upper airway from microbial infection is an important function of
the immune system. Proper detection of these pathogens is paramount for sinonasal …

Objective To investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D]
level and history of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Patients and Methods We …

Whether such overlapping pathological findings reflect a manifestation of the same disease
but in relation to the different airway locations in individuals with genetic predisposition …

Studying the pathophysiology of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) has proved
challenging. While this clinical entity is easily distinguishable based on the clinical criteria …

EEN as induction therapy is usually prescribed for 6 to 8 weeks. 2 To assess the early
response to treatment, we studied 15 pediatric patients (8 boys; mean age 13.5 6 2.2 years; …

Background Cigarette smoke (CS) plays a role in the exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis
(CRS); however, the mechanism for this is unknown. We hypothesize that CS impairs human …

Objective Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells, capable of initiating Th1
or Th2 responses, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases …