Early life stress (ELS) is a well-established risk factor for many psychiatric and medical
disorders, including substance use disorders (SUDs). The relationship between ELS and …

This review aims to elucidate environmental and genetic factors, as well as their epigenetic
and neuroendocrine moderators, that may underlie the association between early childhood …

Background: Saliva cortisol is considered to be a biomarker of depression prediction.
However, saliva collection methods can affect the saliva cortisol level. Objective: This study …

Background: The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation which was found
to have an important role in the pathophysiology of depression, suicide, and substance …

Background Hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) are increasingly used as a biomarker of
stress, however limited research exists regarding the relationship between HCC and …

Objectives Childhood maltreatment (CM) and cognitive emotion regulation strategies
(CERSs) may be important in alcohol craving and dependence in alcohol-dependent …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a culturally pervasive and often treatment resistant disorder.
Stress is a major trigger for relapse in AUD. Allostasis in response to stress is governed by …

Background Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a severe global problem associated with
alcohol use disorder (AUD). Previous studies have confirmed this relationship; however …

Background Endogenous steroid hormone assessment is essential for clinical practice.
These hormones are typically measured in blood. More recently, measurement of steroids in …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been associated with changes in the processing of internal
body signals, known as interoception. Changes in brain structure, particularly in the insula …