This paper is a review of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) project and model. IRI
is recognized as the official standard for the Earth's ionosphere by the International …

A signal, such as from a GNSS satellite or microwave sounding system, propagating in the
randomly inhomogeneous ionosphere, experiences chaotic modulations of its amplitude …

This paper gives a brief overview over the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) project
and model. IRI is recognized as the official standard for the ionosphere by the International …

This paper provides an overview of the contributions of the space-based global navigation
satellite system (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) measurements from the FORMOSAT …

Sporadic E (Es) layers are known for their layered structures with enhanced electron density.
Recently, some scientists have studied the relationship between the occurrence rate and …

Abstract The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has significantly facilitated the
detection of ionospheric irregularities. Nevertheless, the ground‐based GNSS stations are …

This study employs the Horizontal Wind model 2014 to calculate the intensity of the Vertical
ion convergence (VIC) to examine the role of neutral wind shear in the global distribution of …

Abstract FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) constellation of six micro-satellites was launched
into the circular low-earth orbit at 800 km altitude with a 72-degree inclination angle on 15 …

Ionospheric scintillation can significantly degrade the performance and the usability of space-
based communication and navigation signals. Characterization and prediction of …

This study presents initial results of the ionospheric scintillation in the F layer using the S4
index derived from the radio occultation experiment (RO‐S4) on FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 …