Continuous observations of temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field have recently
become available at an unprecedented resolution of a few hundreds of kilometers. The …

The Scotia Sea ecosystem is a major component of the circumpolar Southern Ocean system,
where productivity and predator demand for prey are high. The eastward-flowing Antarctic …

Abstract The MPI‐ESM1. 2 is the latest version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System
Model and is the baseline for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and …

Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) constitute one of the most diverse and ecologically important
groups of phytoplankton. They are considered to be particularly important in nutrient-rich …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

As a contribution towards improving the climate mean state of the atmosphere and the
ocean in Earth system models (ESMs), we compare several coupled simulations conducted …

MPI‐ESM is a new version of the global Earth system model developed at the Max Planck
Institute for Meteorology. This paper describes the ocean state and circulation as well as …

We present a new framework for global ocean–sea-ice model simulations based on phase 2
of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP-2), making use of the surface dataset …

A new global climate model, MRI-CGCM3, has been developed at the Meteorological
Research Institute (MRI). This model is an overall upgrade of MRI's former climate model …

Abstract The Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica is a region that is key to a range of
climatic and oceanographic processes with worldwide effects, and is characterised by high …