Introduction: Hypoxia is one of the intrinsic features of solid tumors, and it is always
associated with aggressive phenotypes, including resistance to radiation and …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …

Growth factors can promote cell survival by activating the phosphatidylinositide-3′-OH
kinase and its downstream target, the serine-threonine kinase Akt. However, the mechanism …

The programmed cell death that occurs as part of normal mammalian development was first
observed nearly a century ago (Collin 1906). It has since been established that …

▪ Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) was discovered 50 years ago as a molecule that
promoted the survival and differentiation of sensory and sympathetic neurons. Its roles in …

Dysregulated signal transduction from receptor tyrosine kinases to phosphatidylinositol 3-
kinase (PI3K), AKT (protein kinase B), and its effector FKBP-rapamycin-associated protein …

Src family kinases (SFKs) have a critical role in cell adhesion, invasion, proliferation,
survival, and angiogenesis during tumor development. SFKs comprise nine family members …

Reperfusion is a pre-requisite to salvaging viable myocardium, following an acute
myocardial infarction. Reperfusion of ischaemic myocardium, however, is not without risk, as …

Progression of pulmonary hypertension is associated with increased proliferation and
migration of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. PDGF is a potent mitogen and …

Protein kinase B (PKB) is a proto-oncogene that is activated in signaling pathways initiated
by phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Chromatographic separation of brain cytosol revealed a …