BACKGROUND The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons, each of which makes
thousands of synaptic connections. Although individual neurons can themselves be …

Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping
mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As …

Functions of the neocortex depend on its bidirectional communication with the thalamus, via
cortico-thalamo-cortical (CTC) loops. Recent work dissecting the synaptic connectivity in …

To decipher neural circuits underlying brain functions, viral tracers are widely applied to map
input and output connectivity of neuronal populations. Despite the successful application of …

Structural rules underlying functional properties of cortical circuits are poorly understood. To
explore these rules systematically, we integrated information from extensive literature …

Abstract Layer 4 (L4) of mammalian neocortex plays a crucial role in cortical information
processing, yet a complete census of its cell types and connectivity remains elusive. Using …

Cross-modality interaction in sensory perception is advantageous for animals' survival. How
cortical sensory processing is cross-modally modulated and what are the underlying neural …

Understanding cortical microcircuits requires thorough measurement of physiological
properties of synaptic connections formed within and between diverse subclasses of …

The mouse, as a model organism to study the brain, gives us unprecedented experimental
access to the mammalian cerebral cortex. By determining the cortex's cellular composition …

Somatostatin (SST) is a well-known neuropeptide that is expressed throughout the brain. In
the cortex, SST is expressed in a subset of GABAergic neurons and is known as a protein …