Early electron microscopy studies revealed the elaborate cellular features that define the
unique adaptations of apicomplexan parasites. Among these were bulbous rhoptry (ROP) …

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of global importance. In the laboratory setting, T.
gondii is frequently used as a model pathogen to study mechanisms of T helper 1 (TH1) cell …

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance that is
able to infect any warm-blooded vertebrate host. In addition to its importance to public …

The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii has long provided a tractable experimental
system to investigate how the immune system deals with intracellular infections. This review …

▪ Abstract The interferon system is the first line of defense against viral infection in mammals.
This system is designed to block the spread of virus infection in the body, sometimes at the …

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) provides an essential component of immunity to tuberculosis by
activating infected host macrophages to directly inhibit the replication of Mycobacterium …

Summary Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is essential for host defense against intracellular pathogens.
Stimulation of innate immune cells by IFN-γ upregulates∼ 2,000 effector genes such as …

Cell-autonomous immunity is essential for host organisms to defend themselves against
invasive microbes. In vertebrates, both the adaptive and the innate branches of the immune …

Polymorphic rhoptry-secreted kinases (ROPs) are essential virulence factors of Toxoplasma
gondii. In particular, the pseudokinase ROP5 is the major determinant of acute virulence in …

Mx proteins are interferon‐induced GTPases that belong to the dynamin superfamily of large
GTPases. Similarities include a high molecular weight, a propensity to self‐assemble, a …