The ability of cancer cells to suppress apoptosis is critical for carcinogenesis. The BCL2
family proteins comprise the sentinel network that regulates the mitochondrial or intrinsic …

Cancer is often considered a genetic disease. However, much of the enormous plasticity of
cancer cells to evolve different phenotypes, to adapt to challenging microenvironments and …

Raf are conserved, ubiquitous serine/protein kinases discovered as the cellular elements
hijacked by transforming retroviruses. The three mammalian RAF proteins (A, B and CRAF) …

Skin, the largest organ of the human body, is organized into an elaborate layered structure
consisting mainly of the outermost epidermis and the underlying dermis. A subcutaneous …

Metastatic melanoma remained for decades without any effective treatment and was thus
considered as a paradigm of cancer resistance. Recent progress with understanding of the …

The Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a key role in melanoma
development making it an important therapeutic target. In normal cells, the tightly regulated …

Induction of DNA damage by UVB and UVA radiation may generate mutations and genomic
instability leading to carcinogenesis. Therefore, skin cells being repeatedly exposed to …

Innate or acquired resistance to cancer therapeutics remains an important area of
biomedical investigation that has clear ramifications for improving cancer specific death …

Some 25 years ago, Raf was discovered as the transforming principle shared by a murine
sarcoma and an avian carcinoma virus. Thus, Raf and tumorigenesis have been connected …

Apoptosis and senescence are cellular failsafe programs that counteract excessive
mitogenic signaling observed in cancer cells. Melanoma is known for its notorious …