CD40 is a TNF receptor superfamily member expressed on both immune and non-immune
cells. Interactions between B cell-expressed CD40 and its binding partner, CD40L …

Ocrelizumab, rituximab, ofatumumab, ublituximab, inebilizumab, and evobrutinib are
immunotherapies that target various B cell–related proteins. Most of these treatments have …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating neurodegenerative disease of the
central nervous system (CNS) due to injury of the myelin sheath by immune cells. The …

The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling cascade has been implicating in a broad range of
biological processes, including inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis …

B cell depletion in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) markedly
prevents new MRI-detected lesions and disease activity, suggesting the hypothesis that …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) was previously thought to be a T-cell-mediated, demyelinating
disease of the central nervous system. Disease-modifying therapies targeting T cells have …

Background and Objectives Costimulation by CD40 and its ligand CD40L (CD154) is
important for the functional differentiation of T cells. Preclinical studies have recognized the …

Human naïve B cells are notoriously difficult to differentiate into antibody‐secreting cells
(ASCs) in vitro while maintaining sufficient cell numbers to evaluate the differentiation …

The CD40–CD40L dyad is an immune checkpoint regulator that promotes both innate and
adaptive immune responses and has therefore an essential role in the development of …

The chemotactic cytokine fractalkine (FKN, chemokine CX3CL1) has unique properties
resulting from the combination of chemoattractants and adhesion molecules. The soluble …