Agrobacterium tumefaciens and related Agrobacterium species have been known as plant
pathogens since the beginning of the 20th century. However, only in the past two decades …

Arabidopsis thaliana is a small plant in the mustard family that has become the model
system of choice for research in plant biology. Significant advances in understanding plant …

Targeted mutagenesis, editing of endogenous maize (Zea mays) genes, and site-specific
insertion of a trait gene using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats …

Recently discovered bacteria and archaea adaptive immune system consisting of clustered
regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) …

MHC class I molecules function to present peptides eight to ten residues long to the immune
system. These peptides originate primarily from a cytosolic pool of proteins through the …

Whereas naive T cells migrate only to secondary lymphoid organs,, activation by antigen
confers to T cells the ability to home to non-lymphoid sites,. Activated effector/memory T cells …

Carpels are essential for sexual plant reproduction because they house the ovules and
subsequently develop into fruits that protect, nourish and ultimately disperse the seeds. The …

The fruit, which mediates the maturation and dispersal of seeds, is a complex structure
unique to flowering plants. Seed dispersal in plants such as Arabidopsis occurs by a …

Targeted mutagenesis is an essential tool of reverse genetics that could be used
experimentally to investigate basic plant biology or modify crop plants for improvement of …

Forward genetics begins with a mutant phenotype and asks the question “What is the
genotype?” that is, what is the sequence of the mutant gene causing the altered phenotype …