Food webs are a major focus and organizing theme of ecology, but the data used to
assemble them are deficient. Early debates over food-web data focused on taxonomic …

We propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry that has
evolved to be used in combat between individuals of the same species and sex, which we …

Animals maintain complex associations with a diverse microbiota living in their guts. Our
understanding of the ecology of these associations is extremely limited in reptiles. Here, we …

The introduction of hippos into the wild in Colombia has been marked by their rapid
population growth and widespread dispersal on the landscape, high financial costs of …

Freshwater megafauna, such as sturgeons, giant catfishes, river dolphins, hippopotami,
crocodylians, large turtles, and giant salamanders, have experienced severe population …

Biological invasions are a big concern due to their potential to impact ecosystems, as well as
local people. The hippo Hippopotamus amphibius, native to Africa, has invaded extensive …

Megaherbivores perform vital ecosystem engineering roles, and have their last remaining
stronghold in Africa. Of Africa's remaining megaherbivores, the common hippopotamus …

Anthrax is an especially dangerous zooanthroponosis caused by the Gram-positive spore-
forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. A notable feature of this disease is the difference in …

Herbivorous fishes are a key functional group in coral reef ecosystems and have been the
focus of a vast body of research. While substantial progress has been made in research …

Behaviour underpins interactions among conspecifics and between species, with
consequences for the transmission of disease-causing parasites. Because many parasites …