Vaccines based on historical virus isolates provide limited protection from continuously
evolving RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses or coronaviruses, which occasionally spill …

The imperfect effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines is often blamed on antigenic
mismatch, but even when the match appears good, effectiveness can be surprisingly low …

The term “original antigenic sin”(OAS) was first used in the 1960s to describe how one's first
exposure to influenza virus shapes the outcome of subsequent exposures to antigenically …

Many SARS-CoV-2 variants have mutations at key sites targeted by antibodies. However, it
is unknown if antibodies elicited by infection with these variants target the same or different …

Influenza viruses are responsible for millions of cases globally and significantly threaten
public health. Since pandemic and zoonotic influenza viruses have emerged in the last 20 …

Influenza A viruses evolve rapidly to escape host immunity, causing reinfection. The form
and duration of protection after each influenza virus infection are poorly understood. We …

One hundred years have passed since the 1918 influenza pandemic caused substantial
illness globally, with an estimated 50 million deaths. A number of factors, including World …

What are the insights from historical pandemics for policymaking today? We carry out a
systematic review of the literature on the impact of pandemics that occurred since the …

Vaccines are known to function as the most effective interventional therapeutics for
controlling infectious diseases, including polio, smallpox, rabies, tuberculosis, influenza and …

Seasonal variation in the age distribution of influenza A cases suggests that factors other
than age shape susceptibility to medically attended infection. We ask whether these …