Tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic structurally related to codeine and morphine, consists
of two enantiomers, both of which contribute to analgesic activity via different …

Introduction: Tramadol is an opioid drug that, unlike classic opioids, also modulates the
monoaminergic system by inhibiting noradrenergic and serotoninergic reuptake. For this …

Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a
high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression …

Tramadol is an analgesic and antitussive agent that is metabolized to O‐desmethyltramadol
(M1), which is also active. Tramadol and M1 exert their mode of action through complex …

The analgesic drug tramadol is bioactivated by CYP2D6 to the opioid receptor agonist O-
desmethyltramadol. Case reports indicated that carriers of the CYP2D6 gene duplication …

This review uses a candidate gene approach to identify possible pharmacogenetic
modulators of opioid therapy, and discusses these modulators together with demonstrated …

The metabolism of opioids closely relates to their chemical structure. Opioids are subject to
O-dealkylation, N-dealkylation, ketoreduction, or deacetylation leading to phase-I …

Tramadol is an analgesic that is used worldwide for pain, but its mechanisms of action have
not been fully elucidated. The majority of studies to date have focused on activation of the μ …

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol, the active metabolite O-
desmethyltrcamadol, and the metabolites N-desmethyltramadol and N, O …

The effect of tramadol on the plasma glucose level of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic
rats was investigated. A dose-dependent lowering of plasma glucose was seen in the fasting …