The cell-autonomous innate immune system enables animal cells to resist viral infection.
This system comprises an array of sensors that, after detecting viral molecules, activate the …

Bacteria are under immense evolutionary pressure from their viral invaders—
bacteriophages. Bacteria have evolved numerous immune mechanisms, both innate and …

We are in the midst of a golden age of uncovering defense systems against bacteriophages.
Apart from the fundamental interest in these defense systems, and revolutionary applications …

Horizontal gene transfer can trigger rapid shifts in bacterial evolution. Driven by a variety of
mobile genetic elements—in particular bacteriophages and plasmids—the ability to share …

Viruses and their hosts are engaged in a constant arms race leading to the evolution of
antiviral defence mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that the immune arsenal of …

The cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)–STING pathway is a central component of the cell-
autonomous innate immune system in animals,. The cGAS protein is a sensor of cytosolic …

Argonaute proteins use single-stranded RNA or DNA guides to target complementary
nucleic acids. This allows eukaryotic Argonaute proteins to mediate RNA interference and …

In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute an adaptive immune system …

Viperin is an interferon-induced cellular protein that is conserved in animals. It has
previously been shown to inhibit the replication of multiple viruses by producing the …

INTRODUCTION Bacteria and archaea are frequently attacked by viruses (phages) and as a
result have developed multiple, sophisticated lines of active defense that can collectively be …