Cancer immunotherapy is a novel pillar of cancer treatment that harnesses the immune
system to fight tumors and generally results in robust antitumor immunity. Although …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute an important part of the tumor
microenvironment (TME) that regulates tumor progression. Tumor-derived signals, hypoxia …

The gut microbiota and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) affect tumor responses to
anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint blockade. Reprogramming …

IL-1 family members have multiple pleiotropic functions affecting various tissues and cells,
including the regulation of the immune response, hematopoietic homeostasis, bone …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are cells of neutrophil and monocyte lineages
with potent immunosuppressive activity. Numerous studies in mice and humans have …

Due to bladder tumors' contact with urine, urine-derived cells (UDCs) may serve as a
surrogate for monitoring the tumor microenvironment (TME) in bladder cancer (BC) …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine that mediates
antimicrobial defense and granuloma formation in response to infection by numerous …

Environmental carcinogens increase cancer incidence via both mutagenic and non-
mutagenic mechanisms. There are over 500 known or suspected carcinogens classified by …

Cancer is a progressive disease that can develop and evolve over decades, with
inflammation playing a central role at each of its stages, from tumor initiation to metastasis. In …

Macrophages infiltrating tumour tissues or residing in the microenvironment of solid tumours
are known as tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). These specialized immune cells …