In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum is essential for the folding and trafficking of
proteins that enter the secretory pathway. Environmental insults or increased protein …

In response to environmental stresses, a family of protein kinases phosphorylate eIF2
(eukaryotic initiation factor 2) to alleviate cellular injury or alternatively induce apoptosis …

Nearly all resident proteins of the organelles along the secretory pathway, as well as
proteins that are expressed at the cell surface or secreted from the cell, are first co …

An increased life span and accompanying nutritional affluency have led to a rapid increase
in diseases associated with aging, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, imposing a …

WNT4, a secreted protein that suppresses male sexual differentiation, is thought to repress
the biosynthesis of gonadal androgen in female mammals. An 18-year-old woman …

To avoid excess accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
eukaryotic cells have signaling pathways from the ER to the cytosol or nucleus. These …

Eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2 and its 'exchange factor'eIF2B play a key role in the
regulation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes from yeast to mammals. Phosphorylation of …

An explosion of work over the last decade has produced insight into the multiple hereditary
causes of a nonimmunological form of diabetes diagnosed most frequently within the first 6 …

The ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP channel) senses metabolic changes in the pancreatic
β-cell, thereby coupling metabolism to electrical activity and ultimately to insulin secretion …

With the extension of life span in recent decades, there is an increasing burden of late-onset
neurodegenerative diseases, for which effective treatments are lacking. Neurodegenerative …