In the past decade, decision neuroscience and neuroeconomics have developed many new
insights in the study of decision making. This review provides an overarching update on how …

The willingness to exert effort for reward is essential but comes at the cost of fatigue.
Theories suggest fatigue increases after both physical and cognitive exertion, subsequently …

People often use external reminders to help remember delayed intentions. This is a form of
“cognitive offloading”. Individuals sometimes offload more often than would be optimal …

Recent work has highlighted neural mechanisms underlying cognitive effort-related
discounting of anticipated rewards. However, findings on whether effort exertion alters the …

Here, we sought to quantify the effects of experienced fear and worry, engendered by the
COVID-19 pandemic, on both cognitive abilities—speed of information processing, task-set …

It is critical to understand how algorithms structure the information people see and how
those algorithms support or undermine society's core values. We offer a normative …

A spate of research has examined how individuals regulate effortful processing in service of
goal-directed behaviors. One key challenge in developing an account of this regulation is …

The notion that humans avoid effortful action is one of the oldest and most persistent in
psychology. Influential theories of effort propose that effort valuations are made according to …

In keeping with the view that individuals invest cognitive effort in accordance with its relative
costs and benefits, reward incentives typically improve performance in tasks that require …

Previous studies of reinforcement learning (RL) have established that choice outcomes are
encoded in a context-dependent fashion. Several computational models have been …