Allergic diseases are on the rise in the Western world and well-known allergy-protecting and-
driving factors such as microbial and dietary exposure, pollution and smoking mediate their …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

Sex differences have been widely observed in human health. However, little is known about
the underlying mechanism behind these observed sex differences. We hypothesize that sex …

Many complex traits or diseases, such as infectious and autoimmune diseases, cancer,
xenobiotics exposure, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the …

Epigenetics of asthma and allergic disease is a field that has expanded greatly in the last
decade. Previously thought only in terms of cell differentiation, it is now evident the …

There is growing epidemiologic data demonstrating sex differences with respect to
prevalence and progression of airway diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive …

It is generally agreed that environmental factors trigger the onset and cause flares of
inflammatory bowel disease. Although we have learned much about genetic susceptibility …

Understanding the genetic architecture of disease is an enormous challenge, and should be
guided by evolutionary principles. Recent studies in evolutionary genetics show that sexual …

The inflammation of allergic diseases is characterized by a complex interaction between
type 2 and type 3 immune responses, explaining clinical symptoms and histopathological …

The health consequences of material deficiency (eg, extreme malnutrition or lack of water or
inadequate clothing and shelter) have been long known. 1 However, recently, a new, more …