One of the most common monogenic forms of Parkinson disease (PD) is caused by
mutations in the LRRK2 gene that encodes leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). LRRK2 …

Since the official and systematic inclusion of sex and gender in biomedical research, gender
differences have been acknowledged as important determinants of both the susceptibility to …

Summary Background The Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) is an ongoing
observational, longitudinal cohort study of participants with Parkinson's disease, healthy …

Background Reduced arm swing is a well‐known clinical feature of Parkinson's disease
(PD), often observed early in the course of the disease. We hypothesized that subtle …

One of the greatest advances in Parkinson's disease (PD) research in the past two decades
has been a better understanding of PD genetics. Of the many candidate genes investigated …

Objective: Estimates of the penetrance of LRRK2 G2019S vary widely (24%–100%),
reflective of differences in ascertainment, age, sex, ethnic group, and genetic and …

Although other nonmotor phenomena representing possible prodromal symptoms of
Parkinson's disease have been described in some detail, the occurrence and characteristics …

Background Mutations in LRRK2 are a common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD).
LRRK2 interacts with and phosphorylates a subset of Rab proteins including Rab8a, a …

A growing amount of evidence has indicated contributions of variants in causative genes of
Parkinson's disease (PD) to the development of sleep disturbance in PD and prodromal PD …

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common and disabling in PD. Their neurobiological bases
are complex, partly because of the disease itself and partly because of the dopaminergic …