Insulin is a polypeptide hormone mainly secreted by β cells in the islets of Langerhans of the
pancreas. The hormone potentially coordinates with glucagon to modulate blood glucose …

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the most frequent metabolic disorders, but their causes
remain largely unclear. Insulin resistance, the common underlying abnormality, results from …

For many years, the dogma has been that insulin resistance precedes the development of
hyperinsulinemia. However, recent data suggest a reverse order and place …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

Considerable overlap has been identified in the risk factors, comorbidities and putative
pathophysiological mechanisms of Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRDs) and …

The liver is crucial for the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis—it produces glucose
during fasting and stores glucose postprandially. However, these hepatic processes are …

The coordinated regulation between cellular glucose uptake and endogenous glucose
production is indispensable for the maintenance of constant blood glucose concentrations …

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex under the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal axis control, one of the major neuro-endocrine systems of the organism …

Energy demand of neurons in brain that is covered by glucose supply from the blood is
ensured by glucose transporters in capillaries and brain cells. In brain, the facilitative …

In order to ensure normal body function, the human body is dependent on a tight control of
its blood glucose levels. This is accomplished by a highly sophisticated network of various …