Pollination syndromes, recurring suites of floral traits appearing in connection with specific
functional pollinator groups, have served for decades to organise floral diversity under a …

Specialization in plant–pollinator relationships is a core concept in discussions of plant
evolution and ecology; it is central to our thinking, not just about the ecology of plant …

Floral symmetry plays an important role in plant-pollinator interactions and may have
remarkable impacts on angiosperm diversification. However, spatiotemporal patterns in …

Background Obtaining an optimal flower temperature can be crucial for plant reproduction
because temperature mediates flower growth and development, pollen and ovule viability …

A striking aspect of flowering plant (angiosperm) diversity is variation in flower symmetry.
From an ancestral form of radial symmetry (polysymmetry, actinomorphy), multiple …

Symmetry is a defining feature of floral diversity. Here we review the evolutionary and
ecological context of floral symmetry (adding new data regarding its distribution), as well as …

Habitat fragmentation affects a wide variety of biological variables including species'
abundance and richness (population demography), phenology, male and female …

Effective insect pollination requires appropriate responses to internal and external
environmental cues in both the plant and the pollinator. Helianthus annuus, a highly …

Perianth bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy) has evolved repeatedly from radial symmetry
(actinomorphy) throughout angiosperms. Zygomorphy has previously been linked with plant …

The evolution of floral traits is often considered to reflect selection for increased pollination
efficiency. Known as the pollination‐precision hypothesis, increased pollination efficiency is …