This brief review, which is based on a lecture presented at the American Physiological
Society Teaching Refresher Course on the Brain and Systems Control as part of the …

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), located in the ventral diencephalon
adjacent to the third ventricle, is a highly conserved brain region present in species from …

Located in the midline anterior wall of the third cerebral ventricle (ie the lamina terminalis),
the median preoptic nucleus (Mn PO) receives a unique set of afferent neural inputs from …

Body fluid homeostasis requires the release of arginine-vasopressin (AVP, an antidiuretic
hormone) from the neurohypophysis. This release is controlled by specific and highly …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) generally consists of endothelial tight junction barriers that
prevent the free entry of blood-derived substances, thereby maintaining the extracellular …

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a highly organized structure of the hypothalamus that
has a key role in regulating cardiovascular and osmotic homeostasis. Functionally, the PVN …

Recent studies have indicated that members of the transient receptor potential vanilloid
(TRPV) family of cation channels are required for the generation of normal osmoregulatory …

Hypernatremia is defined as a serum sodium level above 145 mmol/L. It is a frequently
encountered electrolyte disturbance in the hospital setting, with an unappreciated high …

Serotonin (5-hydroxytrayptamine; 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter widely synthesised in the
central nervous system (CNS) and is also found in gastrointestinal mucosa cells and blood …

Vasopressins are evolutionarily conserved peptide hormones. Mammalian vasopressin
functions systemically as an antidiuretic and regulator of blood and cardiac flow essential for …