Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show
biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and cognition”. Over the past 30 years,
research has demonstrated that estrogens not only are important for female reproduction …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

Psychiatric disorders are characterized by sex differences in their prevalence,
symptomatology and treatment response. Animal models have been widely employed for …

Background Despite the twofold higher prevalence of major depressive and posttraumatic
stress disorders in women compared with men, most clinical and preclinical studies have …

Social Recognition is a fundamental skill that forms the basis of behaviors essential to the
proper functioning of pair or group living in most social species. We review here various …

This article is part of a Special Issue (“Estradiol and cognition”). Estrogens have repeatedly
been shown to influence a wide array of social behaviors, which in rodents are …

Many aspects of brain functioning exhibit important sex differences that affect behavior,
mental health and mental disorders. However, most translational neuroscience research …

Social hierarchies emerge when animals compete for access to resources such as food,
mates or physical space. Wild and laboratory male mice have been shown to develop linear …

Abstract Funding agencies in North America and Europe are recognizing the importance of
the integration of sex differences into basic and clinical research. Although these mandates …